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Cell Specialization · Paper 1 — Free Biology HL Practice Questions

What this topic covers

This theme is built on one repeated argument: structure exists because it does a job, and you can predict the job from the structure. Examiners test this exact logic at every scale — a motor protein's shape tells you which way it walks a microtubule, a red blood cell's missing nucleus tells you why it can pack more haemoglobin, a gill's countercurrent geometry tells you why it out-performs a lung-style parallel flow. Several chunks here — muscle and motility, enzyme kinetics, endosymbiotic theory, detailed phloem loading — exist only on the HL paper, and they're flagged below. Get the mechanism words right (troponin, not tropomyosin; ATP-binding, not hydrolysis) because that's where the marks actually sit.

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1FoundationMCQStem cells and differentiation1 markPaper 1~2 min

A patient with severe burns requires a skin graft. Doctors take a small sample of the patient's own skin cells, reprogram them in the laboratory, and then differentiate them into new skin cells for grafting. This approach avoids immune rejection because the cells are derived from the patient's own tissue. Which statement correctly describes the key reprogramming step in this therapy?

Solutions

2FoundationMCQStem cells and differentiation1 markPaper 1~2 min

A researcher isolates a single cell from the inner cell mass (ICM) of a mouse blastocyst and cultures it in appropriate nutrients. The cell divides to form a cluster. A single cell from this cluster is then injected into a second mouse blastocyst, which develops into a healthy mouse containing cells derived from both the host blastocyst and the injected cell, but showing no contribution to placental tissue. Which term best describes the original ICM-derived cell?

Solutions

3MasteryMCQStem cells and differentiation1 markPaper 1~2 min

A patient with severe burns has lost large areas of skin. Doctors take a small biopsy of healthy skin, isolate the cells, and culture them with growth factors and signalling molecules. Over several weeks, the cells proliferate and form a sheet of epidermal tissue suitable for grafting. Which statement best explains why the cultured cells were able to form functional epidermal tissue?

Solutions

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